Frequent closures of the only crossing for commercial goods between Israel and the Gaza Strip have left the coastal territory short of gas for cooking and heating, businessmen say, affecting businesses, agricultural production and health services. Kerem Shalom crossing reopened on 26 June after two days of closure, described by the Israeli military as a response to rocket fire from Gaza. Israel has closed the crossing five times since the end of February after similar rocket fire, for a total of 15 working days, in addition to six days of closure due to holidays. Before this most recent closure, Gazans said they were still recovering from the series of closures in the spring, which they say created a cumulative deficit in gas. At one of Gaza\'s major gas distributors, some 40,000 empty cylinders fill the station. \"Some people have been waiting for months to get their cylinders filled,\" owner Yusri Daban told IRIN. He manages to fill about 1,500 per day, but is flooded with an equal amount of empty arrivals. Daban\'s company used to receive 25 tons of gas per day for distribution. His share decreased to 18 tons due to the shortages, and has not been increased since. He says he needs 35-45 tons a day to deal with the backlog. Maher Tabba\', spokesperson of the Gaza chamber of commerce, says the shortages have affected production on farms, factories, bakeries and restaurants; and have added to the chronic power cuts by putting an even higher demand on electricity. Along the wall of Ahmed al-Ajrami\'s bakery, about a dozen gas cylinders sit empty. His current stock covers him for just two weeks, he says. \"I am [stuck] between gas shortages and power cuts which impact my business deeply,\" he told IRIN. \"Either way is very difficult, but we are trying to adapt to keep working and to serve customers.\" He estimates that his revenue dropped by about 10 percent as a result of the recent shortages. Collective punishment? Gisha, an NGO that campaigns for freedom of movement, describes the closures of Kerem Shalom crossing as a form of collective punishment against a civilian population, which is a violation of international law. \"International law provides Israel with a wide range of lawful actions, military and diplomatic, that can be used to counter the threat of rockets,\" the organization wrote in a May 2013 position paper. \"Restrictions on movement of people and civilian goods as a means of punishment fall outside this range.\" The closure-related shortages come on top of long-standing restrictions on imports and exports, related to a blockade on Gaza imposed by Israel since 2007. \"The additional closures of Kerem Shalom over the past months have aggravated existing shortages,\" Gisha said. The Gaza-based Association of Gas Station Owners, which is responsible for the import of cooking gas, estimates that the demand in Gaza is about 1,250 tons per week, but that on average, only 850 tons are brought in from Israel. Another five tons are brought in daily through tunnels from Egypt, but the process is complicated and the price is high. As a result of chronic shortages over the years, many businessmen have switched from gas stoves, to electrically-powered devices, incurring the increased costs of running a generator. According to the UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), access restrictions, including repeated closures, have widened the gaps in key areas such as health, education, electricity, water and sanitation. \"These measures are resulting in the depletion of stocks of essential supplies, including basic foodstuffs and cooking gas, and undermine the livelihoods and rights of many vulnerable Gazan families,\" humanitarian coordinator James Rawley said in April during a closure of Kerem Shalom. \"If these restrictions continue, the effect upon the Gaza population will be serious.\" Bassam Barhoum, a Palestinian health ministry official, said public hospitals and health centers need 4-4.5 tons of gas per month to feed patients and staff and disinfect bed sheets and clothing. \"What we have now is [stocks] roughly enough for about four days,\" he said, down from the usual stocks of one to two weeks. \"We are in dire situation.\" How Gaza gets gas Gas reaches Gaza through trucks that transmit gas from the Israeli side through a pipe at the crossing to trucks waiting on the Palestinian side. The trucks need special permission to enter the border crossing area. According to Gisha and to the Association of Gas Station Owners, the pipeline operates from 8am to 3 or 4pm, at a capacity of 22 tons per hour, bringing in between 160-180 tons per day. But the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), the unit of the Israeli Ministry of Defense responsible for coordination in OPT, says the crossing has a capacity of 240 tons a day - a stance Gisha and others question. OCHA says access restrictions are just one of many factors at play in the gas shortages. Others include delays in the placement of orders by local gas dealers; the costs related to taxes and fees; a two-day weekend during which the crossing is closed; higher transportation costs due to the location of the crossing on the southern border of the Strip (a more accessible crossing point at Nalah Oz was closed in 2010); and the security coordination procedures between Israeli and Palestinian trucks on either side of the pipeline, which can sometimes take hours. Gas dealers say the underutilized capacity at the crossing is due primarily to the last factor: delays in actually reaching the pipeline. \"What we need now because of the cumulative shortage is 250-300 tons a day to close the current gap,\" said Mahmoud al-Shawwa, head of the Association of Gas Station Owners. Gas dealers have requested that Israel extend working hours of the crossing, open the crossing on Fridays, build more pipelines to boost the capacity, increase the number of trucks allowed into the crossing area, and set up a reserve tank on the Palestinian side. Last week, Israel began allowing an extra truck of gas on some days, bringing an additional 20 or so tons of gas. But gas dealers say no longer-term solutions have been implemented. \"So far all we\'ve seen is promises,\" al-Shawwa said. Print