Book dragons: Inside Taiwan\'s cram schools

Huang Hsing-yao knows exactly how to spend every hour of the day, every day of the week: bent over the books, preparing for the most important test of his life. With little time left before the university entrance exam that will decide his future, the 18-year-old high school student\'s life is marked by relentless study, most of it in a cram school in downtown Taipei. \"At the moment, I hardly have any free time. It\'s all spent studying,\" he said, sporting a cool-kid haircut but wearing a blue-and-white school uniform. \"Sometimes I relax a bit at home. But I still have to do some preparation.\" Taiwan is an education-obsessed society, due not least to a Confucian legacy that emphasises personal improvement, and there are hundreds of thousands of young Taiwanese just like Huang. Surveys show that eight in ten high school students in Taiwan receive some kind of after-school tuition to help them pass each hurdle in the education system to make it into the best universities and eventually get the best jobs. The cram schools, whose bright logos grace the central area of every Taiwanese city, are a huge business on the island, with parents willing to pay thousand of dollars for what they consider an essential service. \"As parents, we all want our sons to become dragons and our daughters to become phoenixes,\" Huang Hsien-chen, Hsing-yao\'s 57-year-old father, quoting a traditional saying on how education unlocks the potential of the individual. In traditional Chinese society, top degree holders typically entered into the government bureaucracy, while today most job opportunities await them in the private sector. But despite these changes, the faith in education as the only route to social progress is still widespread. \"A lot of parents have farming or worker backgrounds. So they want their children to be better than themselves,\" said Chiang Shu-miao, chief executive of Yu Da Education Institution, a cram school with 23 branches island-wide. \"Traditionally, academia has occupied a high place in society, and that\'s why a lot of parents want their children\'s studies to be reinforced at a cram school,\" she said. Cram school fees are around Tw$100,000 ($3,400) a year for a high school student a two-month salary for many Taiwanese. \"We also serve a social function,\" said Chiang. \"Parents and relatives are all busy working. They aren\'t able to really nurture their children. \"Cram schools have a stabilising effect on families and society. I don\'t care about how other people judge us. We have a mission to create a future for the youth.\" Some cram schools seek to attract students with the offer of star teachers known across the island for their ability to get large numbers of students past exams. They often also seek to create a special gung-ho atmosphere, such as in Huang\'s cram school, where students wear red headbands screaming \"Go!\" in large letters, and expressing a wish for a \"Smooth Exam\". Teachers, too, feel the strain some have their mobile phones on 24 hours a day, ready to reply to questions from anxious parents. \"Teachers here come and go, come and go. The pressure is very high,\" said Liu Chang-chi, a teacher at Yu Da with 25 years of cram school experience. But not all parents believe their children should do nothing but stare into textbooks like robots every waking hour of the day. \"I am traditional in that I respect education. But I\'m also modern in my thinking,\" said 57-year-old Huang. \"I don\'t always try to make him study, study, study. I also give my son pocket money. He does other activities like playing guitar and sports.\"